This document discusses key aspects of shareholders' agreements in India such as:
1) Shareholders' agreements govern the relationship between shareholders and matters related to company management. They allow shareholders to define rights, obligations, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
2) Common clauses in shareholders' agreements relate to board representation, veto rights, financing obligations, share transfer restrictions, and defined obligations of shareholders.
3) Indian law permits mechanisms like rights of first refusal, rights of first offer, drag-along rights, and buyback rights to regulate share transfers between shareholders.
4) Minority shareholder participation is not ensured by law but can be provided through contractual agreements between shareholders.
The document discusses key aspects of shareholders' agreements in India such as:
1) Shareholders' agreements govern the relationship between shareholders and management control of a company.
2) They define the rights and obligations of shareholders regarding matters like director appointments, veto powers, and share transfers.
3) Common clauses in Indian shareholders' agreements restrict share transfers, provide veto rights to some shareholders, and determine board representation.
The document provides information about AltaCit, including its locations in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore with contact details. It discusses the introduction to trusts, persons involved in trusts such as the settlor, trustee, and beneficiary. It also describes the creation of trusts according to the Indian Trusts Act of 1882 and mentions some of the main instruments and types of trusts.
The document discusses consumer rights in India. It defines consumer rights as the right to be informed about goods and services. It outlines the types of consumer rights which include protection from hazardous goods/services, right to information, free choice, participation in decision making, seeking redressal, and education. It discusses grounds for filing a complaint such as defective goods/services, unfair trade practices, excessive pricing, and hazardous goods. Consumers are entitled to relief such as removal of defects, replacement, refund, compensation, discontinuation of unfair practices, and more under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986.
The document discusses key aspects of patent law in India including:
1. What a patent is and the rights it confers on the owner.
2. The main laws governing patents in India - The Patents Act of 1970 and Patents Rules of 2003.
3. Important cases related to compulsory licensing of drugs that impacted access to medicines.
This document discusses types of equity shares. It defines equity shares as common shares that give shareholders ownership in a company along with voting rights but no preferential treatment. It describes the key features of equity shares, including that they earn dividends if the company profits and have potential for high returns but also high risks. It provides examples of different types of equity shares such as blue chip shares of well-established companies and penny stocks which are riskier with low share prices.
The document discusses dividend, which is the return on investment made in shares of a company paid out of profits. It outlines that shareholders are entitled to a share of profits, preference share dividends are fixed while equity shares vary depending on profits. There are different types of dividends and the dividend policy is an important financial decision. The legal regime for dividends in India is outlined from the Companies Act.
The document discusses dividend, which is the return on investment made in company shares. It can be paid from company profits. Dividend is entitled to shareholders as owners. While preference share dividend rates are fixed, equity shares vary depending on profits. The document outlines different types of dividends and legal regulations around dividend declaration from profits according to the Companies Act.
The document provides information about tax deducted at source (TDS) rates in India, including:
1) TDS is a percentage deducted from various payments like salary, commission, rent, interest, and dividends that is remitted to the government and can be adjusted against tax due.
2) TDS follows the principle of "pay as you earn" where tax is deducted at the time of payment.
3) The deductee is the person from whom tax is deducted, and the deductor is responsible for deducting the tax and remitting it to the government.
4) Different TDS rates apply to various types of payments like salary, interest, lottery
The document discusses key aspects of shareholders' agreements in India such as:
1) Shareholders' agreements govern the relationship between shareholders and management control of a company.
2) They define the rights and obligations of shareholders regarding matters like director appointments, veto powers, and share transfers.
3) Common clauses in Indian shareholders' agreements restrict share transfers, provide veto rights to some shareholders, and determine board representation.
The document provides information about AltaCit, including its locations in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore with contact details. It discusses the introduction to trusts, persons involved in trusts such as the settlor, trustee, and beneficiary. It also describes the creation of trusts according to the Indian Trusts Act of 1882 and mentions some of the main instruments and types of trusts.
The document discusses consumer rights in India. It defines consumer rights as the right to be informed about goods and services. It outlines the types of consumer rights which include protection from hazardous goods/services, right to information, free choice, participation in decision making, seeking redressal, and education. It discusses grounds for filing a complaint such as defective goods/services, unfair trade practices, excessive pricing, and hazardous goods. Consumers are entitled to relief such as removal of defects, replacement, refund, compensation, discontinuation of unfair practices, and more under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986.
The document discusses key aspects of patent law in India including:
1. What a patent is and the rights it confers on the owner.
2. The main laws governing patents in India - The Patents Act of 1970 and Patents Rules of 2003.
3. Important cases related to compulsory licensing of drugs that impacted access to medicines.
This document discusses types of equity shares. It defines equity shares as common shares that give shareholders ownership in a company along with voting rights but no preferential treatment. It describes the key features of equity shares, including that they earn dividends if the company profits and have potential for high returns but also high risks. It provides examples of different types of equity shares such as blue chip shares of well-established companies and penny stocks which are riskier with low share prices.
The document discusses dividend, which is the return on investment made in shares of a company paid out of profits. It outlines that shareholders are entitled to a share of profits, preference share dividends are fixed while equity shares vary depending on profits. There are different types of dividends and the dividend policy is an important financial decision. The legal regime for dividends in India is outlined from the Companies Act.
The document discusses dividend, which is the return on investment made in company shares. It can be paid from company profits. Dividend is entitled to shareholders as owners. While preference share dividend rates are fixed, equity shares vary depending on profits. The document outlines different types of dividends and legal regulations around dividend declaration from profits according to the Companies Act.
The document provides information about tax deducted at source (TDS) rates in India, including:
1) TDS is a percentage deducted from various payments like salary, commission, rent, interest, and dividends that is remitted to the government and can be adjusted against tax due.
2) TDS follows the principle of "pay as you earn" where tax is deducted at the time of payment.
3) The deductee is the person from whom tax is deducted, and the deductor is responsible for deducting the tax and remitting it to the government.
4) Different TDS rates apply to various types of payments like salary, interest, lottery
El documento resume conceptos básicos de semiología médica relacionados con síntomas y signos. En 3 oraciones o menos, describe que los síntomas y signos son manifestaciones de la enfermedad que varían entre pacientes y que el clínico debe obtener datos del paciente de manera completa para correlacionarlos. Además, define conceptos como dolor, fiebre, hemorragia, edema, prurito y otros síntomas comúnmente encontrados en la práctica clínica.
Michele Scarpinato has extensive work experience in research and consulting. He has worked for numerous universities and research centers, focusing on topics related to regional economies, small and medium enterprises, and local development. He has a PhD in Development Economics from Insubria University and has authored several research reports for public and private organizations.
1. The document discusses trends in the asset management industry towards "cheap beta" index funds and the "hunt for alpha" in specialized boutique investment managers.
2. It introduces MET Collective Investments' partners which are boutique investment managers that have undergone rigorous research and offer unique investment strategies.
3. MET Collective Investments supports boutiques by providing infrastructure, visibility, and distribution to help them focus on investment management while leveraging Momentum's resources.
Powerpoint de dibuixos fets per l'alumnat de nivell bàsic, de suport pel final de curs del departament de dansa de l'escola municipal de música i dansa d'Esparreguera.
El documento presenta una encuesta dirigida a los padres de familia de estudiantes del Centro Educativo Comunitario Dr. Plutarco Naranjo. La encuesta contiene 16 preguntas sobre temas como la calidad de la enseñanza, las instalaciones de la escuela, el apoyo a los estudiantes y la calidad educativa general de la institución. Los padres deben calificar cada área en una escala que va desde "muy bueno" hasta "malo". El objetivo de la encuesta es recopilar información para la autoevaluación instituc
Practical suggestions to manage Lifestyle DiseasesJust for Hearts
Walking, jogging,
cycling, swimming, dancing,
skipping rope.
2. Muscle
strengthening
exercises.
a) Increases muscle
mass and bone
density.
b) Improves balance
and coordination.
Jilbab memberikan banyak manfaat bagi wanita muslimah. Pertama, ia mencegah dosa karena menutupi aurat. Kedua, ia menghindari fitnah dan pandangan negatif dari orang lain. Ketiga, ia melindungi wanita dari berbagai bahaya kesehatan dan lingkungan.
The B.R.A.K.E.S. Teen Pro-Active Driving School is a free advanced driving school for teenagers aged 15-19 who have a learner's permit or driver's license and at least 30 hours of driving experience. The school provides a distraction course that requires drivers to navigate a coned course while distracted by an instructor to demonstrate the dangers of cell phones, texting, music and other distractions. The school also provides teen driver training through a free defensive driving program designed for teenagers to improve their driving skills and safety.
Coso internal control frameword executive summary_2013SARVJEET KAUSHAL
The document is an executive summary from the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) regarding their updated Internal Control - Integrated Framework published in May 2013. It provides an overview of the framework which defines internal control and describes requirements for effective internal control, including components and principles. It highlights key changes from the original 1992 framework, such as formalizing fundamental concepts as principles associated with the five components of internal control. The framework is intended to help organizations design, implement and assess the effectiveness of their system of internal control.
O documento apresenta várias lições de vida aprendidas pelo autor, como a importância da família e amigos, o fato de que os dias ruins passam e o amanhã será melhor, e que é mais importante saber viver do que apenas ganhar a vida. O autor também aprendeu que pequenos gestos de afeto como um abraço ou aperto de mão podem significar muito para as pessoas.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages. It uses tags to define paragraphs, headings, lists, links and other elements. The basic structure of an HTML document includes the <html>, <head> and <body> tags. Common elements include headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists and tables. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and lay out HTML elements.
El estrés es una respuesta interna a estímulos externos estresantes. Existen dos tipos de estrés: el estrés físico y psíquico. El estrés puede ser normal, patológico o emocional y depende de factores biológicos, psicológicos y sociales. El estrés puede ser positivo o negativo dependiendo de si genera vitalidad u otros efectos negativos como fatiga o depresión. Las infecciones también pueden causar estrés inmune en el organismo. Algunas medidas para controlar el estrés incluyen té
The document lists over 100 different stroller, car seat, and baby accessory products. Some of the brands mentioned include Graco, Britax, Baby Trend, Chicco, Jeep, BOB, and UPPAbaby. A wide variety of strollers are listed, including travel systems, jogging strollers, double strollers, umbrella strollers, and accessories like organizers, covers, and adapters.
The document provides information about an estate planning firm called Altacit. It lists their office addresses and contact details in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore. Estate planning helps arrange for transfer of assets after death, minimize taxes, and assign guardians. It involves tools like wills, trusts, gifts and powers of attorney. The estate planning process involves understanding a client's situation and developing a customized plan.
Este cuento trata sobre la verdadera amistad entre dos hombres. Una noche, uno de los amigos despierta asustado después de tener un sueño en el que su amigo estaba en problemas. Va rápidamente a la casa de su amigo para asegurarse de que esté bien. Su amigo lo recibe con dinero y una espada para ayudarlo con cualquier problema que tenga. Sin embargo, el primer amigo explica que solo tuvo un mal sueño y vino a comprobar que su amigo estuviera bien. La moraleja es que los verdaderos amigos se preocupan el uno
A mortgage is a loan secured by real property through the use of a mortgage note and granting of a mortgage. It involves the transfer of an interest in a specifically identified immovable property from the mortgagor to the mortgagee for the purpose of securing repayment of a loan. There are different types of mortgages that vary based on factors like possession and title transfer of the mortgaged property.
The document discusses different types of easements, which is a right to use another's real property. It describes an easement as allowing one landowner, known as the dominant estate, to use the land of another landowner, called the servient estate, for a specific purpose without owning the land. The document outlines various kinds of easements including rights-of-way, easements of support, easements of light and air, affirmative and negative easements, private and public easements, express and implied easements, easements by necessity, and easements by prior use. It provides addresses for the company's offices in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore.
El documento resume conceptos básicos de semiología médica relacionados con síntomas y signos. En 3 oraciones o menos, describe que los síntomas y signos son manifestaciones de la enfermedad que varían entre pacientes y que el clínico debe obtener datos del paciente de manera completa para correlacionarlos. Además, define conceptos como dolor, fiebre, hemorragia, edema, prurito y otros síntomas comúnmente encontrados en la práctica clínica.
Michele Scarpinato has extensive work experience in research and consulting. He has worked for numerous universities and research centers, focusing on topics related to regional economies, small and medium enterprises, and local development. He has a PhD in Development Economics from Insubria University and has authored several research reports for public and private organizations.
1. The document discusses trends in the asset management industry towards "cheap beta" index funds and the "hunt for alpha" in specialized boutique investment managers.
2. It introduces MET Collective Investments' partners which are boutique investment managers that have undergone rigorous research and offer unique investment strategies.
3. MET Collective Investments supports boutiques by providing infrastructure, visibility, and distribution to help them focus on investment management while leveraging Momentum's resources.
Powerpoint de dibuixos fets per l'alumnat de nivell bàsic, de suport pel final de curs del departament de dansa de l'escola municipal de música i dansa d'Esparreguera.
El documento presenta una encuesta dirigida a los padres de familia de estudiantes del Centro Educativo Comunitario Dr. Plutarco Naranjo. La encuesta contiene 16 preguntas sobre temas como la calidad de la enseñanza, las instalaciones de la escuela, el apoyo a los estudiantes y la calidad educativa general de la institución. Los padres deben calificar cada área en una escala que va desde "muy bueno" hasta "malo". El objetivo de la encuesta es recopilar información para la autoevaluación instituc
Practical suggestions to manage Lifestyle DiseasesJust for Hearts
Walking, jogging,
cycling, swimming, dancing,
skipping rope.
2. Muscle
strengthening
exercises.
a) Increases muscle
mass and bone
density.
b) Improves balance
and coordination.
Jilbab memberikan banyak manfaat bagi wanita muslimah. Pertama, ia mencegah dosa karena menutupi aurat. Kedua, ia menghindari fitnah dan pandangan negatif dari orang lain. Ketiga, ia melindungi wanita dari berbagai bahaya kesehatan dan lingkungan.
The B.R.A.K.E.S. Teen Pro-Active Driving School is a free advanced driving school for teenagers aged 15-19 who have a learner's permit or driver's license and at least 30 hours of driving experience. The school provides a distraction course that requires drivers to navigate a coned course while distracted by an instructor to demonstrate the dangers of cell phones, texting, music and other distractions. The school also provides teen driver training through a free defensive driving program designed for teenagers to improve their driving skills and safety.
Coso internal control frameword executive summary_2013SARVJEET KAUSHAL
The document is an executive summary from the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) regarding their updated Internal Control - Integrated Framework published in May 2013. It provides an overview of the framework which defines internal control and describes requirements for effective internal control, including components and principles. It highlights key changes from the original 1992 framework, such as formalizing fundamental concepts as principles associated with the five components of internal control. The framework is intended to help organizations design, implement and assess the effectiveness of their system of internal control.
O documento apresenta várias lições de vida aprendidas pelo autor, como a importância da família e amigos, o fato de que os dias ruins passam e o amanhã será melhor, e que é mais importante saber viver do que apenas ganhar a vida. O autor também aprendeu que pequenos gestos de afeto como um abraço ou aperto de mão podem significar muito para as pessoas.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages. It uses tags to define paragraphs, headings, lists, links and other elements. The basic structure of an HTML document includes the <html>, <head> and <body> tags. Common elements include headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists and tables. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and lay out HTML elements.
El estrés es una respuesta interna a estímulos externos estresantes. Existen dos tipos de estrés: el estrés físico y psíquico. El estrés puede ser normal, patológico o emocional y depende de factores biológicos, psicológicos y sociales. El estrés puede ser positivo o negativo dependiendo de si genera vitalidad u otros efectos negativos como fatiga o depresión. Las infecciones también pueden causar estrés inmune en el organismo. Algunas medidas para controlar el estrés incluyen té
The document lists over 100 different stroller, car seat, and baby accessory products. Some of the brands mentioned include Graco, Britax, Baby Trend, Chicco, Jeep, BOB, and UPPAbaby. A wide variety of strollers are listed, including travel systems, jogging strollers, double strollers, umbrella strollers, and accessories like organizers, covers, and adapters.
The document provides information about an estate planning firm called Altacit. It lists their office addresses and contact details in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore. Estate planning helps arrange for transfer of assets after death, minimize taxes, and assign guardians. It involves tools like wills, trusts, gifts and powers of attorney. The estate planning process involves understanding a client's situation and developing a customized plan.
Este cuento trata sobre la verdadera amistad entre dos hombres. Una noche, uno de los amigos despierta asustado después de tener un sueño en el que su amigo estaba en problemas. Va rápidamente a la casa de su amigo para asegurarse de que esté bien. Su amigo lo recibe con dinero y una espada para ayudarlo con cualquier problema que tenga. Sin embargo, el primer amigo explica que solo tuvo un mal sueño y vino a comprobar que su amigo estuviera bien. La moraleja es que los verdaderos amigos se preocupan el uno
A mortgage is a loan secured by real property through the use of a mortgage note and granting of a mortgage. It involves the transfer of an interest in a specifically identified immovable property from the mortgagor to the mortgagee for the purpose of securing repayment of a loan. There are different types of mortgages that vary based on factors like possession and title transfer of the mortgaged property.
The document discusses different types of easements, which is a right to use another's real property. It describes an easement as allowing one landowner, known as the dominant estate, to use the land of another landowner, called the servient estate, for a specific purpose without owning the land. The document outlines various kinds of easements including rights-of-way, easements of support, easements of light and air, affirmative and negative easements, private and public easements, express and implied easements, easements by necessity, and easements by prior use. It provides addresses for the company's offices in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore.
An easement is a certain right to use the real property of another without possessing it, such as a right-of-way over another's land. There must be a dominant estate that benefits from the easement and a servient estate that bears the burden. Easements can be affirmative or negative, private or public, express or implied, and established by necessity, prior use, or other legal means. Five elements are required to establish an easement by prior use.
1. The document discusses the criminal liability of companies/corporations under Indian law.
2. It notes that a company can be criminally liable for acts committed by employees based on factors like the seriousness of the crime and compliance measures in place.
3. Punishments for companies found criminally liable include fines, restitution, and probation under court supervision.
This document provides information about easements, including:
1. Easements are rights to use another's property and can be created by grant, prescription, custom, or necessity. There must be a dominant and servient property.
2. Easements can be express (created by a legal document) or implied based on prior use. Types include affirmative (right to use property) and negative (right to prevent uses).
3. Characteristics of easements include the right benefiting the dominant property and different ownership of dominant and servient properties. Easements do not transfer ownership of land.
This document discusses standard essential patents (SEPs). It begins by defining an SEP as a patent that claims an invention necessary to comply with a technical standard. It then provides an example of mobile swiping technology being an SEP. The document outlines key differences between essential and non-essential patents. It also discusses challenges around determining fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing terms for SEPs. Specifically, it notes the inherent tension between companies developing standards and those seeking licenses, as well as the intersection of patent and competition law. The document concludes by stating SEPs holders should use their powerful market position constructively for societal betterment.
The document discusses the process of trademark rectification in India. It explains that rectification allows correcting errors or omissions in trademark registrations. An aggrieved party can file a rectification petition. The registry notifies the registered proprietor and matters proceed through evidence filing and a final hearing. Orders are appealable to the Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
The document discusses Lok Adalat, an alternative dispute resolution system developed in India. It provides addresses and contact details for Lok Adalat locations in Chennai, Bangalore, and Coimbatore. It then summarizes the constitution, workings, focus, nature of cases handled, and examples of state legal authorities that organize Lok Adalats in India.
This document discusses various aspects of intellectual property (IP) including definitions, categories of IP rights, international organizations related to IP, IP protection treaties, and IP laws governing IP in India. Specifically, it defines IP as an output of intellect having commercial importance/value and intangible assets like trademarks, patents, and copyright. It also outlines categories of IP rights, management and protection of IP, and the Indian laws governing different types of IP.
The document provides information about Altacit, an estate planning firm with offices in Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore. It lists the key steps in the estate planning process as relationship establishment, information gathering, determining the client's financial status, drawing out a transfer plan, implementing the plan, and regularly reviewing the plan. It also outlines some of the risks and benefits of estate planning.
(1) An SME exchange is a stock exchange dedicated for trading shares of small and medium enterprises that otherwise find it difficult to get listed on main exchanges due to strict compliance requirements. (2) SME exchanges provide a framework for SMEs to raise capital quickly at low cost through public listing. (3) However, lack of awareness about SME exchanges and potential for fraud pose challenges to getting more SMEs listed.
The document discusses the General Clauses Act of 1897. It provides definitions and rules of interpretation for central acts. The act aims to standardize language, provide uniform expression, and make provisions for interpretation. It covers topics like commencement and repeal of enactments, powers and functions, and interpretation of notifications, rules, and bye-laws issued under acts. The act also serves as a model for state general clauses acts and has been applied to interpreting the Indian constitution.
1. A John Doe injunction is an ex parte remedy sought in anticipation of copyright infringement by unknown defendants to prevent infringement and avoid delay in justice.
2. It is used internationally to enforce intellectual property rights and was first used in India in 2002 against unauthorized broadcasting of the FIFA World Cup.
3. John Doe orders have been issued in India against the manufacture and sale of counterfeit goods and unauthorized posting of copyrighted content online.
The document discusses the Minimum Wages Act of 1948 which aims to provide minimum statutory wages for scheduled employments to prevent exploitation of labour. It covers all establishments employing one or more persons for scheduled jobs. State governments fix minimum wages for skilled
The document provides information about family courts in India. It discusses that family courts were established to provide easy and speedy resolution of disputes related to marriage and family affairs. It lists the key functions of family courts as hearing cases related to divorce, child custody, maintenance and other domestic matters. The document also outlines some of the unique characteristics and procedures followed by family courts in India.
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
1) The document discusses compulsory licensing under Indian and international law. It provides details on compulsory licenses, how they relate to patents, and the conditions under which compulsory licenses may be granted in India.
2) Key points include that compulsory licenses allow use of patents without owner
The document discusses field of use limitations in patent licensing. It explains that a field of use limitation restricts a licensee's authorization to use a patented invention to a specified field or market. For example, a license may allow a licensee to manufacture patented engines only for incorporation into trucks. If the licensee exceeds the licensed field of use, it would be patent infringement. The document also provides examples of when field of use licensing is useful and discusses challenges associated with implementing field of use restrictions.
This document discusses compulsory licensing of patents and copyrights. It provides information on:
1) What compulsory licenses are and the objectives of granting them
2) Provisions for compulsory licenses under international agreements like Paris Convention, Berne Convention, and TRIPS
3) Circumstances under which compulsory licenses may be granted for patents, including cases in India and a key case involving Natco and Bayer
4) Provisions for compulsory licenses for copyrights under the Berne Convention and Indian Copyright Act
The document discusses key aspects of the National Building Code of India including its purpose of regulating building construction, provisions for fire safety, structural design, lifts, plumbing, and other building services. It provides guidelines for construction materials, structural stability, health, and safety in accordance with Bureau of Indian Standards codes.
Steps in mergers and acquisitions of a companyAltacit Global
This document discusses key steps and considerations for mergers and acquisitions under Indian law. It provides an overview of the types of mergers and acquisitions, relevant sections of the Companies Act 2013, requirements under competition law, and tax implications under the Income Tax Act 1961. Procedures for obtaining regulatory approvals from the NCLT, RBI, and Competition Commission of India are outlined.
The document outlines key details from the draft Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2020 released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) of India. Some of the major points covered in the draft rules include requiring prior authorization for manufacturing, importing, owning and operating drones; eligibility conditions for authorization; insurance requirements; rules around carrying payloads and restrictions on photography; and the framework for establishing drone ports and corridors. The document also discusses definitions related to unmanned aircraft systems and drones, categories of drones based on weight, and potential future areas where drones may be used such as for BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) operations and delivery of goods.
The document discusses the issue of sexual harassment during work from home arrangements brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that while employees are physically at home, they are still considered to be in the workplace as per law. Virtual forms of harassment can include inappropriate clothing or behavior during video calls, sending unwanted pictures, or demanding late night calls from female employees. Maintaining professional standards of conduct and being sensitive to how actions could make others uncomfortable are important to prevent virtual harassment during the pandemic.
Information technology guidelines for intermediaries and digital media ethics...Altacit Global
The document provides an overview of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 notified in India.
The key points are:
1. The Rules regulate intermediaries, social media intermediaries, publishers of news/current affairs content, and online curated content publishers.
2. For intermediaries, the Rules prescribe due diligence requirements around user notifications, content takedowns, grievance redressal etc.
3. Significant social media intermediaries must comply with additional obligations regarding local presence, identification of originators, monthly compliance reports etc.
Returns and refunds consumer protection actAltacit Global
This document provides information on the Consumer Protection Act 2019 in India including key definitions, rights of consumers, refund and cancellation policies, and product liability. It discusses that the Act aims to protect consumer interests and provide effective resolution of disputes. Some key points covered include definitions of consumer and consumer rights, time limits for returns, no-cost returns, and provisions for product manufacturer liability for defects. Contact information is also provided for multiple locations of the company.
This document discusses the rights of the unborn child under various statutes in India. It summarizes key provisions from several acts and codes:
- The Limitation Act 1953 considers an unborn child as a minor for the purposes of filing legal claims.
- The Indian Succession Act 1925 defines a minor as under 18, implying an unborn child is also considered a minor.
- The Indian Penal Code 1860 criminalizes causing miscarriage or death of an unborn child in certain situations.
- The Hindu Succession Act 1956 grants an unborn child equal inheritance rights as a born child for intestate succession.
The document analyzes how different laws in India implicitly or explicitly recognize various rights
This document provides contact information for various offices of Altacit, an organization based in India. It then discusses the grounds for divorce under Hindu marriage law in India. The key grounds covered are adultery, cruelty, desertion, conversion, insanity, renunciation, and presumption of death. Examples are provided for what constitutes each ground. It is noted that leprosy and venereal diseases were removed as grounds in 2015 at the suggestion of the UN.
This document provides information about alimony laws in India. It defines alimony as the right to receive maintenance after divorce. The main purposes of alimony are to prevent unfair financial impacts of divorce and allow a spouse to maintain their standard of living. The two types of alimony are interim and permanent. When determining alimony amounts, courts consider factors like earnings, marriage length, misconduct, and standard of living. Alimony is governed by different laws for Hindus, Muslims and other religions.
This document discusses different types of patent licensing. It defines patent licensing as granting permission to a third party to use, sell, and benefit from a patented invention in exchange for royalty payments. There are several types of patent licenses: exclusive licenses grant all rights except title to one licensee; non-exclusive licenses allow a patent owner to grant rights to multiple parties; sub-licenses are granted by licensees to third parties; and cross-licenses allow an exchange of licenses between companies. The document also discusses advantages like risk transfer and access to global markets, as well as challenges like loss of control and difficulty finding licensees.
This document summarizes surrogacy laws in India. It begins by defining surrogacy and explaining the different types, including traditional vs gestational and altruistic vs commercial. It then discusses the history and origins of surrogacy and assisted reproductive technology. The document analyzes India's Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill of 2010 and 2016, highlighting relevant sections that regulate surrogacy clinics, create oversight boards, ban commercial surrogacy, and penalize violations. Both the pros and cons of the bills are discussed. While banning commercial surrogacy aims to reduce exploitation, it also limits an industry that boosts India's economy. The conclusion acknowledges this is a start but flaws need addressing before the bill becomes law.
This document provides information about IRS Form W-9, including how it is used, how to complete it, acceptable filing methods, and its role in the tax filing process for independent contractors and self-employed individuals. Form W-9 is used by businesses to request taxpayer identification information from contractors to file 1099-MISC tax forms. It can be completed on paper or electronically, and helps payees avoid backup withholding by certifying they are not subject to it. Completing a W-9 is the first step for self-employed workers to have their tax returns filed.
Tamilnadu regulation of rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants ...Altacit Global
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Requirements for operation of civil remotely piloted aircraft systemAltacit Global
The document summarizes India's new Drone Regulation policy released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in August 2018. Some key points:
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Rights of employees under insolvent companiesAltacit Global
This document provides contact details for various offices of a company called Altacit located across different cities in India. It also provides the company's email address and website. The subsequent paragraphs discuss provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) related to the rights of employees under the code. It defines key terms like financial creditor, operational creditor, financial debt and operational debt. It explains that employees are considered operational creditors under IBC and unpaid salaries would be treated as operational debt. It discusses the process for initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process by an operational creditor as provided in the code.
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1. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
SHAREHOLDERS
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
AGREEMENT
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
SUCHITRA BAI
EMAIL
PATENT DEPARTMENT
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
2. INTRODUCTION
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
A Shareholders’ Agreement is a contract
between shareholders of a private limited
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
company with the various provisions that will
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
govern each of the shareholders who are party to
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400 the agreement vis-à-vis the Company and the
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
shares held by each such shareholder and also
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
the provisions that will govern the management
of the Company as agreed to by the parties to the
agreement. It may be noted that in case of a
public limited company, there may be
enforceability issues with certain provisions of the
EMAIL
info@altacit.com shareholders’ agreement.
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
3. NEED FOR EXECUTING
SHAREHOLDERS
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’, AGREEMENT
Shareholders’ agreements lay down clearly defined
rights and obligations between and of the parties,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
i.e.:
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers, a. Appointment of Directors and quorum
requirements;
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
b. Determining the matters requiring special
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018. resolution or providing veto rights to certain
shareholders (more so in case of private equity and
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
venture capital partners);
c. Financing the requirements of the company;
d. Restrictions on right to transfer shares freely;
EMAIL
info@altacit.com e. Defining the obligation of each of the shareholder
WEBSITE towards the company.
www.altacit.com
4. TYPES OF CLAUSES IN
SHAREHOLDERS’ AGREEMENTS
IN INDIA?
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
• The shareholder’s agreements
provide for matters such as
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9, restrictions on transfer of shares,
forced transfers of shares, nomination
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
of directors for representation on
boards, quorum requirements and
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
veto or supermajority rights available
to certain shareholders at board level
or shareholder level.
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
5. MECHANISMS DOES THE LAW OF INDIA
PERMIT FOR REGULATING SHARE
TRANSFERS?
CHENNAI
a. Right of first refusal: This is an
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
agreement between the existing
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
shareholders whereby the shareholder
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road, wishing to sell to a third party must first offer
the shares to the holder of the first refusal
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
right. If the holders of the right of first refusal
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921 do not buy the shares, the shareholder can
normally sell freely to a third party.
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
6. CHENNAI
b. Right of first offer: This is a
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
variation of the right of first refusal in
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
which a fixed price is agreed to from
the outset. The shareholder wishing to
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
sell shall first offer the shares to the
holder of the right of first offer holder at
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
the fixed price. If the holder of the right
does not purchase the shares, the
shareholder wishing to sell is free to
EMAIL
info@altacit.com sell it to a third party.
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
7. CHENNAI
c. Drag-along and Tag-along Rights:
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Drag-along right is an agreement between
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
the shareholder, where the shareholder
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
wishing to sell his shares to a third party
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
has the right to drag all the other
shareholders and make complete exit
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
from the company. Tag-along right is the
opposite - the other shareholders have a
right to tag along with the shareholder
EMAIL
info@altacit.com wishing to sell his shares to a third party.
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
8. CHENNAI
d. Buy-back rights: These give
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
the company the right to redeem
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
the shares of a certain shareholder
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
in specific circumstances, such as
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
withdrawal or death of the
shareholder.
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
9. CHENNAI
e. Call option: Call option gives
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
its holder the right to buy a
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
specified number of shares of the
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
underlying stock at a
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
predetermined price (strike price)
between the date of purchase and
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
the options expiration date.
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
10. CHENNAI
f. Put Option: Put option gives its
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
holder the right to sell a specified
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
number of shares of the underlying
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
common stock at a predetermined
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
price (strike price) on or before the
expiration date of the contract.
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
11. ARBITRATION CLAUSE IN A
SHAREHOLDERS’ AGREEMENT
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
• The parties to the shareholders’
agreement are free to include an
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
arbitration clause with seat outside India
and/or under a law other that of India as
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
long as one of the parties to the
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
shareholders is a non-resident.
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
However, the parties should specifically
include a clause excluding Part 1 of the
Indian Arbitration Act, 1996, in order to
EMAIL avoid the provisions of the Indian
Arbitration Act, 1996 being applicable to
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
12. ARE MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS
PERMITTED TO PARTICIPATE
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
• There are no specific provisions under
Indian law to ensure participation of
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
minorities on the board of directors of a
company. Also, Indian law does not
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
provide for provisions ensuring minority
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
control over board of directors.
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
However, the minority shareholders can
be given the right to nominate directors
on the board of directors by contractual
EMAIL arrangement between the shareholders.
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
13. TYPES OF
SHAREHOLDERS
AGREEMENTS to form a
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
• Pre-incorporation/formation agreement an agreement
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore, put in place between the parties who intend
company and to be its initial shareholders.
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9, • Subscription and shareholders agreement: a
shareholders agreement entered into between parties
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
who are subscribing for shares contemporaneously
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue, with the entry into the shareholders agreements.
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
• Shareholders agreement governing a 50:50
shareholding position.
• Shareholders agreement governing a majority/minority
situation.
• Shareholders agreement governing a joint venture
EMAIL situation.
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
14. ADVANTAGES -
SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
• Privacy: The predominant reason for using a
Shareholders agreement is that it is a private
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
document between parties thereto which can
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
be made subject to express confidentiality
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400 restrictions. By contrast the Articles of
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
Associate are a public document available for
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
inspection by members of the public in the
Companies Registration Office. This makes the
Articles of Association an unsuitable means for
dealing with matters such as, for eg., the
remuneration of directors or other sensitive
EMAIL
info@altacit.com internal management matters.
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
15. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
• Greater Binding Effect: As explained
above articles of Association can only
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
bind a shareholder in his capacity as
Shareholder. By contrast shareholders’
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
agreements may be used to give rights
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
and impose obligations on shareholders.
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
Eg., binding a person in his capacity as
director or as a creditor or agent.
However one needs to be very careful in
EMAIL imposing obligations on a party in his
capacity as a Director.
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
16. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
• Variation: As explained above Articles
of Association can be amended by
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9, way of a special resolution. By
contrast, unless a shareholders
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
agreement expressly provides for a
specific variation mechanism it can
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
only be varied by unanimous
agreement of the parties thereto.
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
17. DISADVANTAGES
CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
• Binding Effect: Because of its nature as a contact a
shareholders agreement only binds the parties
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
thereto and does not automatically bind all
shareholder. Therefore if a party transfers his
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001. shares the transferee will not automatically be
bound by the terms of the shareholders
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road, agreement. To circumvent this it is normal to
provide in a shareholders agreement that an
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
existing shareholder who is party to a shareholders
agreement can only transfer his shares if he
procures that the transferee enters into what is
known as a deed of adherence which joins the
EMAIL
info@altacit.com transferee as a party to the shareholders
WEBSITE agreement.
www.altacit.com
18. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
• Interpretation: Again as shareholders agreements
are contracts they are subject to the ordinary rules of
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
contract law, in the event a dispute arising as to the
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9, meaning of a provision in the shareholders
agreement a court would, as a primary means of
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
interpretation, seek to establish what was the intent
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue, of the parties based on the wording of the contract.
By contrast the language in articles of association
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
has become in many respects fairly standardized
and many of the provisions used in articles of
association have been judicially considered over the
years and there may therefore be available judicial
EMAIL
precedent to assist in the interpretation of those
info@altacit.com provisions.
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com
19. WHEN A SHAREHOLDER BE
COMPELLED TO TRANSFER HIS
CHENNAI
SHARES
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
• Where an individual shareholder becomes
bankrupt.
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
• Where a corporate shareholder becomes
insolvent or has a receiver or an examiner
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400 appointed.
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue, • Where a corporate shareholder transfers shares
to another member of its group and that
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
transferee ceases to be member of the group.
• Sometimes but less frequently, where an
individual shareholder dies.
EMAIL
• Where an individual shareholder is an employee
info@altacit.com of the company and he ceases to be employed
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com by that company.
20. CHENNAI
3rd Floor, ‘Creative Enclave’,
148-150, Luz Church Road,
Mylapore,
Chennai - 600 004.
Tel: +91 - 44 - 2498 4821
BANGALORE
Suite 920, Level 9,
Raheja Towers,
26-27, M G Road,
Bangalore - 560 001.
THANK YOU
Tel: +91 - 80 - 6546 2400
COIMBATORE
BB1, Park Avenue,
# 48, Race Course Road,
Coimbatore - 641018.
Tel: +91 - 422 – 6552921
EMAIL
info@altacit.com
WEBSITE
www.altacit.com